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Small northern European states have been a major point of reference in the Scottish independence debate. For nationalists, they have been an ‘arc of prosperity’ while in the aftermath of the financial crash, unionists lampooned the ‘arc of insolvency’.

Both characterisations are equally misleading. Small states can do well in the global market place, but they face the world in very different ways. Some accept market logic and take the ‘low road’ of low wages, low taxes and light regulation, with a correspondingly low level of public services. Others take the ‘high road’ of social investment, which entails a larger public sector and higher taxes. Such a strategy requires innovative government, flexibility and social partnership.

Keating and Harvey compare the experience of the Nordic and Baltic states and Ireland, which have taken very different roads and ask what lessons can be learnt for Scotland. They conclude that success is possible but that hard choices would need to be taken. Neither side in the independence debate has faced these choices squarely.